| H2-PV NOW 2006-02-19, 6:21 pm |
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Gunner wrote:
> On Sun, 19 Feb 2006 15:54:30 GMT, wmbjk <wmbjkREMOVE@citlink.net>
> wrote:
>
>
> Whine..you keep posting links to pie in the sky, not particularly
> useful in the real world stuff. Frankly..you are nearly as bad as
> H2-PV in your fanatisim about solar/hydrogen.
The USA is pretty fanatical about the coming HYDRGEN ECONOMY. The
Fanatic George W. Bush has budgetted $1.200,000,000 over the next five
years for it.
According to HIS EMPLOYEES at the National Laboratories. Hydrogen
production from solar energy will be price competitive with gasoline by
2012. Here's their figures, which I trust more than YOUR figures
because they actually test solar energy and Hydrogen production methods
and you just sit on your fat azz in front of a computer screen mouthing
off.
From: http://h2-pv.us/PV/37140.html
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/37140.pdf
Master link. PDF contains the actual link to download 199 megabyte
CDROM ZIP containing 241 PDF files. The individual files are NOT
available separately anywhere on the internet, and must be downloaded
as part of the collection.
Proceedings of the DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program Review Meeting
(CD-ROM)
October 25-28, 2004; Denver, Colorado
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/37140CD.zip (ZIP 199 MB)
DOE/GO-102005-2067
NREL/CD-520-37140
January 2005
Four PDF files were extracted for special significance and are
reproduced as downloadable files without spending a couple of days on
dialup downloading 199 MB CDROM. Selected excerpts are reproduced as
summation below.
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http://H2-PV.US/PV/37140_034.pdf
DOE Solar Program Review Meeting 2004
DOE/GO-102005-2067
Page 62
Analysis and Proposal for High-Efficiency Electrolysis for
Cost-Effective Hydrogen Production
D=2E Ruby1 and S. Cohen2
1Sandia National Laboratories
2Teledyne Energy Systems, Inc. (TESI), dsruby @sandia.gov
ABSTRACT
The clean and economical generation of hydrogen for use as a
non-polluting fuel to provide energy self-sufficiency is now a goal of
our national energy policy. Today, the most cost-effective way to
produce hydrogen is steam methane reforming (SMR), which relies on
dwindling supplies of increasingly expensive natural gas and
contributes to global warming. The production of hydrogen by
electrolysis can avoid these problems, but is more expensive at
present. Sandia performed a systems cost analysis, which shows that the
cost of electrolytic hydrogen is a strong function of electrolysis
efficiency, with only a weak dependence on capital cost. Our projection
of production-scale electrolyzers incorporating advanced technology to
improve efficiency shows that the cost of electrolytic hydrogen can
approach that of SMR, with the additional benefit that electrolysis can
be performed at the point of use, thereby reducing distribution costs
as well.
KEY POINTS MADE:
2=2E Technical Approach
Alkaline water electrolysis is the lowest-cost method of electrolysis
for large-scale hydrogen production. The result of our systems analysis
shows the cost of high-volume hydrogen production is primarily
dependent on electrolysis efficiency. Thus, our proposal was to
investigate areas where technical improvements could provide the
largest boost to electrolyzer efficiency.
Figure 1. The cost of electrolytic hydrogen approaches that of SMR for
larger plant sizes. The increase in electrolysis efficiency and
increase of natural gas feedstock price for SMR makes this even more
likely.
Figure 2 shows calculations of levelized hydrogen cost with increases
plant size and electrolysis efficiency from a current value of 65% to a
realistically achievable 82%.
Figure 2. Off-peak electricity is assumed to cost 3=A2/kWh from nuclear
plants in the off-peak+PV scenario. 6=A2/kWh is assumed for electricity
in all other cases, including PV, since this is the long-term goal of
the DOE PV program.
3=2E Results and Accomplishments
Current TESI commercial alkaline electrolysis systems operate with
overpotentials of up to 2.1 V compared to the minimum usable
thermoneutral voltage of 1.48 V. This corresponds to a voltage
efficiency of about 70%. Sandia Labs has performed a technical analysis
of efficiency-limiting mechanisms responsible for this overvoltage and
identified that the largest performance gains can be realized by
improving the efficiency of anode electrocatalysts and by reduction of
cell membrane impedance. These are the two primary objectives of this
proposed research.
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http://H2-PV.US/PV/37140_039.pdf
DOE Solar Program Review Meeting 2004
DOE/GO-102005-2067
Page 72
Generating Hydrogen through Water Electrolysis Using Concentrator
Photovoltaics
Robert McConnell1 and Jamal Thompson2
1National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
1617 Cole Blvd. Golden, CO 80401
2Howard University
2300 6th St. NW, Washington DC, 20059
robert_mcconnell @nrel.gov
ABSTRACT
Hydrogen can be an important element in reducing global climate change
if the feedstock and process to produce the hydrogen are carbon free.
Using nuclear energy to power a high temperature water electrolysis
process meets these constraints while another uses heat and electricity
from solar electric concentrators. Nuclear researchers have estimated
the cost of hydrogen generated in this fashion and we will compare
their estimates with those we have made for generating hydrogen using
electricity and waste heat from a dish concentrator photovoltaic
system. The conclusion is that the costs are comparable and low enough
to compete with gasoline costs in the not too distant future.
KEY POINTS MADE:
2=2E Technical Approach
Concentrating solar energy to produce electricity can occur at quite
high solar conversion efficiencies. The highest efficiency for solar
concentrator cells, as measured at NREL, is now above 37% for
multijunction solar cells. In production, similar cells have
efficiencies above 30% and are widely used for powering satellites.
Solar Systems has measured a 40% boost in hydrogen production by
stripping away the solar infrared radiation incident on concentrator
solar cells and transporting it with a light pipe to heat a solid oxide
electrolyzer cell operating above 1100=B0C [1]. With today's solar
cell technologies, it is therefore feasible to expect 50% conversion
efficiency of solar energy to hydrogen through high-temperature
electrolysis. A recent article provides a good theoretical
understanding for the thermodynamics and electrochemistry of this
process and confirms the potential for attaining 50% conversion
efficiency [2].
Costs for high-efficiency CPV systems can be quite low. Recent studies
predict system costs of $0.85/W in largescale production. These costs
are comparable with those of today's wind energy systems, which
generate electricity below 5 cents/kWh. And costs for hydrogen
generated by
wind-powered electrolysis are attractive enough, without a heat boost,
to compete with the cost equivalent of gasoline. We expect that
hydrogen produced by a CPV system through high-temperature electrolysis
will be equally attractive, if not more so.
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http://H2-PV.US/PV/37140_157.pdf
DOE Solar Program Review Meeting 2004
DOE/GO-102005-2067
Page 300
A Vision for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
Richard M. Swanson
SunPower Corporation
430 Indio Way, Sunnyvale, CA 94085 USA, rswanson @sunpowercorp.com
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a vision for crystalline silicon photovoltaics that
details a possible set of technical, financial and political
requirements to enable its continued success. PV system prices have
been decreasing roughly 50% per decade. We will show how crystalline
silicon solar cells can continue this trend over the next decade, thus
becoming cost-competitive without subsidies in many distributed
grid-connected applications. Significantly, no "big breakthroughs"
are needed for this to happen. An evolutionary development of existing
silicon technology is shown to be all that is necessary, and indeed all
that is likely, over this period.
KEY POINTS MADE:
1=2E Introduction
Module prices have followed a classic experience curve in cost versus
cumulative volume. (Straight line on a log-log plot of price versus
cumulative volume.) The experience factor is 81%, meaning that module
prices reduce 19% for every doubling of cumulative volume. The
well-known historical trend showing this behavior for the period 1979
to 2002 is plotted in Fig. 1.
3=2E Cost Projections
It is interesting to compare the projected $1.00/W manufacturing cost
with the price projected by extending the historical experience curve.
This result is shown in Fig. 5, where it is assumed that the market
grows at 30% per year. A price of $1.56/W is obtained in 2012. This
seems like a reasonable result, and will make for an attractive
manufacturing scenario if the manufacturing cost reaches the projected
$1.00/W in 2012. A module price of $1.50/W, coupled with a system price
of twice that, or $3.00/W, should result in a cost-effective
grid-connected market in many locations without the need for subsidies.
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http://H2-PV.US/PV/37140_194.pdf
DOE Solar Program Review Meeting 2004
DOE/GO-102005-2067
Page 366
Siting Utility-Scale Concentrating Solar Power Projects
M=2E Mehos
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
1617 Cole Blvd.
Golden, CO 80401
mark_mehos@nrel.gov
B=2E Owens
Platts Research & Consulting
3333 Walnut Street
Boulder, CO 80301
brandon_owens@platts.com
ABSTRACT
In 2002, Congress asked the U.S. Department of Energy to "develop and
scope out an initiative to fulfill the goal of having 1,000 megawatts
(MW) of new parabolic trough, power tower, and dish engine solar
capacity supplying the southwestern United States [i]". In this
paper, we present a review of the solar resource for Arizona,
California, Nevada, and New Mexico. These four states have the greatest
number of "premium" solar sites in the country and each has a
renewable portfolio standard (RPS). We present information on the
generation potential of the solar resources in these states. We also
present regions within New Mexico that may be ideally suited for
developing large-scale concentrating solar power (CSP) plants because
of their proximity to load and their access to unconstrained
transmission.
KEY POINTS MADE:
The terrain available for CSP development was conservatively estimated
with a progression of GIS filters as follows:
=B7 Lands with less than 6.75 kWh/m2/day of average annual
direct-normal resource were eliminated to identify only those areas
with the highest economic potential.
=B7 Lands with land types and ownership that were incompatible with
commercial development were eliminated. These included national parks,
national preserves, wilderness areas, wildlife refuges, water, and
urban areas.
=B7 Lands with slope greater than 1% and with contiguous areas smaller
than 10 km2 were eliminated to identify lands with the greatest
potential for low-cost development.
The data in Table 1 show that, even if we consider only the high-value
resources, there is potential for more than 7 million MW of solar
generation capacity in the Southwest. Currently, there are about
100,000 MW of generation capacity in these four states. Each state has
enough land illuminated by the highest solar radiation levels, such
that only a small segment would be enough to generate its current
electricity needs.
Potential locations for siting of large-scale CSP plants have been
identified for the States of New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and
California. As described earlier, these locations were identified based
on the filter criteria in addition to availability of transmission and
proximity to load centers. Figure 3 provides an example of potential
siting opportunities for the State of New Mexico based on these
considerations. Similar analysis has been completed for the three
remaining states and can be provided upon request.
4=2E Conclusions
The solar energy resource in the southwestern United States is enormous
and largely untapped. As demonstrated in Table 1, there is no shortage
of economically suitable land. At its June 2004 meeting, the Western
Governors Association (WGA) recognized the 1,000 MW CSP Initiative as
one of its projects and formed a regional task force to coordinate the
efforts of the interested states, which include New Mexico, Nevada,
California, Arizona, Colorado, and Utah. Nevada has already contracted
50 MW of trough power that is likely to become part of the initiative.
New Mexico has formed a CSP task force to develop a plan for deploying
a 50 MW or larger plant. Under the leadership of the WGA, other states
are expected to start exploring ways in which they, too, can support
the deployment of large-scale CSP power projects.
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See also:
http://H2-PV.US/PV/Solar_Maps.html
http://h2-pv.us/H2-PV.html
http://h2-pv.us/H2/H2-PV_Breeders.html
This page URL:
http://h2-pv.us/PV/37140.html
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